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Benchwright
Sources

The bench · Old Salem, North Carolina; date and maker not known

The Moravian bench

A portable joiner's bench on raked trestles, held together by four keys, that knocks down in a minute.

Set it out

Front elevation30513201930897128012168971139217461728741 mmat 16°
End elevation330279609794517980189216
The bench as the sheet first draws it for a maker of 1780 mm, in Scots pine (European redwood): 1930 mm long, 609 mm wide, 801 mm high. Front and end elevations at one scale.

History

Old Salem is a Moravian settlement founded in north-west North Carolina in 1766. Its museum keeps a group of old joiners' benches. Christopher Schwarz toured them in 2011 and wrote that one small bench "knocks down for transport to a job site". Will Myers, who lives nearby, read that, went to see it in October 2011, went back a few weeks later to measure it, and published a build in 2012.

Myers is plain that "the exact age of the original is not known for sure or who made it". Schwarz's remark about a bench "likely dating back to the 18th century" is about a different one, the oldest in the collection. A retailer dates the portable bench to the late 1700s; the museum has not said so in anything we could read. As found it has a white oak top on a mostly pine frame, a leg vise that closes over the leg, single-point planing stops, no tail vise and no holdfast hole.

Almost every number on this sheet comes from one reproduction, Myers' 2012 article and his one-sheet drawing. The museum's own measurements are not published. Only a few facts about the original are on record, among them a top 16 in (406 mm) wide and 2-1/2 in (64 mm) thick and a middle rail at the vise end only. The drawing's labels and its linework do not always agree, and nor do the drawing and the text; where that matters the sheet says so. Myers' paid plans and video were not consulted.

Old Salem's joiners built a copy in the 1990s and report carrying it to jobs. Myers taught the bench for a decade at Roy Underhill's school, and the original went on public display at the J. Blum House joiners' shop in 2017.

What the surviving bench shows

Very little about the original is on record. The museum's own measurements are not published. Its date, its maker, its length and height, the section of its legs, their rake, the size of the tray and the overhang of the top are all unpublished; Myers says only that he tried "to stay in the original dimensions". Old Salem holds drawings and documentation that were not available to us.

What is on record: the original's top is a single slab 16 in wide and 2-1/2 in thick. It has a middle rail in the end frame at the vise end only. Its vise closes over the leg. It has "no tail vise, just single-point planing stops", whose size and place are not recorded, and no holdfast hole; the copy Old Salem's joiners made in the 1990s adds one, and mounts its vise beside the leg. The tray has no dust-riser blocks at its ends.

Everything else is Myers' reproduction. Each end frame is two legs and three short rails: a top rail in an open bridle joint at the head of the legs, a middle rail in a drawbored through mortise and tenon, and a lower rail lap-dovetailed into the legs. The frame is glued and pegged and never comes apart. The legs are raked along the length of the bench only; seen from the end they are plumb.

Two long stretchers join the frames. Each end is a through tenon with its shoulders cut to the rake, passing through an angled mortise in the leg and locked by a tapered key outside it, with no glue. The top rests on the top rails and is located only by dowels standing about an inch proud: "Gravity seems to be plenty". The tray is a separate dovetailed box that sits behind the slab on the same rails and lifts out.

The vise does not screw through the raked leg. A plumb backer board is tenoned between the underside of the top and the front stretcher, with one edge scribed to the leg, and the chop, screw and guide work against that backer.

The labels on the one-sheet drawing and its linework disagree. The legs are drawn at 16.3 degrees and labelled 15, and the stretcher shoulders are drawn 54.8 in apart and labelled 4 ft 8-1/8 in. The sheet follows the labels and the article. Linework is used only where nothing is labelled, and the sheet says where. Myers' paid plans and video, which may settle these points, were not consulted.

Good at, bad at

Good at

  • breaks down into six loose timber parts, four keys and the vise, and "knocks down in a minute"
  • Myers' weighs 100 kg (221 lb) with a 44 kg (97 lb) top, and he reports it does not move under heavy planing
  • no glue in the long joints. Myers' test tusk tenons, straight where the bench's are angled, took about 2300 lb with a red oak key and 4000 lb with a white oak one before the leg face crushed and the key broke, and no tenon failed; a white pine key failed at 700 lb
  • legs flush with the front of the top; the vise chop closes over the front leg against a plumb backer board, and the right front leg takes holdfast holes
  • Myers built his from construction-grade yellow pine, with oak for the rails, top and vise

Bad at

  • a narrow working surface: 13 in (330 mm) on Myers' bench
  • Schwarz finds tusk tenons work loose with use and the seasons and need the keys re-driven; Myers disagrees
  • a single slab top warps, by Schwarz's and Farnsworth's report
  • the top and tray sit loose on dowels, which Schwarz finds awkward when the bench is lifted
  • the tool tray divides opinion
  • the stability credited to the raked legs is a retailer's claim and Myers' observation; nobody has tested it

The rules

Every measure the sheet lets you change, in the order the work is set out, with the rule behind it and who gave it. A circled number is the same note on the sheet. A blue band is the range a source gives, in the source’s own words; a measure with no source has no band. Figures are for a maker of 1780 mm.

To your body

Height
Note 1

Height

Myers gives no rule: "There is no perfect workbench, no perfect height". His own bench is 33-5/8 in (854 mm). The only rule found is Schwarz's: stand with your arms relaxed and measure from the floor to where the little finger joins the hand, and stay between 28 and 36 in. The start figure here is derived from that rule at 0.45 of your height, the ratio of Schwarz's own bench to his own stature. The height of the original bench is not published.

Floor to the working surface. The start figure is an estimate from your height; measure yourself to replace it.

The sheet starts at
801 mm
It allows
711 mm to 914 mm
The source gives
Schwarz, historical range 28 to 36 in; Myers' bench is 33-5/8 in (711 mm to 914 mm) [13]

The top

Length of the top · Slab width · Slab thickness · Top made as · Overhang at each end
Note 2

Length of the top

Myers draws 6 ft 4 in (1930 mm). The Myers-built bench Schwarz records is 72-3/4 in (1848 mm). Builders report 6 ft benches and 7 to 8 ft shop benches. No source gives a rule for scaling the legs or stretchers with length, so none is applied here.

The limits are the shortest and longest benches builders report; no source gives a rule. The legs and stretchers stay at Myers' sections whatever the length.

The sheet starts at
1930 mm
It allows
1830 mm to 2440 mm
The source gives
Myers' benches, 72-3/4 in to 6 ft 4 in (1848 mm to 1930 mm) [2]
Note 3

Slab width

The original slab is 16 in (406 mm) wide. Myers made his 13 in (330 mm) and says that anything wider, at 3 to 4 in thick, "gets heavy and hurts mobility". The bench Schwarz records is 13-3/4 in (349 mm).

The working surface, front to back. The tray sits behind it.

The sheet starts at
330 mm
It allows
330 mm to 406 mm
The source gives
Myers 13 in; the original 16 in (330 mm to 406 mm) [1]
Note 5

Top made as

The original and Myers' top are single slabs. Schwarz and Farnsworth both report slab tops warping; Farnsworth now glues his up from 2 in oak because his slabs "bowed, cupped, and twisted". Myers himself first planned a glued-up yellow pine top. Either is documented.

One slab the sheet starts here
As the original and Myers' bench.
Glued up
From 2 in (51 mm) air-dried oak, as Farnsworth builds them.
Note 6

Overhang at each end

Sources disagree a little. Myers writes "about 12-1/2 inches" in 2012 and "only 12 inches of overhang" in 2019. His drawing scales to 12-3/4 in (324 mm) and its labels work out to 11.6 in (294 mm) at 15 degrees. 12 in (305 mm) with a 16 degree rake reproduces the drawing's labelled stretcher shoulders, and it is the least his tail vise will fit.

From the end of the slab to the outer corner of the leg head.

The sheet starts at
305 mm
It allows
294 mm to 324 mm
The source gives
Myers, 12 to "about 12-1/2" in (305 mm to 318 mm) [1]

The tray

Behind the slab · Tray width
Note 7

Behind the slab

The original has a tray and so does Myers' bench. The tray divides opinion; Myers suggests a board flush with the slab, or a second slab, for those who do not want one. Neither the original nor Myers' tray has wedged dust blocks at the ends.

Tool tray the sheet starts here
A dovetailed box that lifts out, as on the original.
Flush board
A board level with the slab in place of the tray. Myers suggests it.
Note 8

Tray width

Myers' tray is 11 in (279 mm) outside, which with his 13 in slab makes the 24 in depth of the end frames. The bench Schwarz records has a 10 in (254 mm) tray. The width of the original's tray is not published; Myers says only that his narrower top made the tray "a little wider".

Outside width of the tray, or of the board that replaces it. Slab plus tray sets the depth of the end frames.

The sheet starts at
279 mm
It allows
254 mm to 279 mm
The source gives
Myers 11 in; 10 in on the bench Schwarz records (254 mm to 279 mm) [1]

The base

Leg rake · Stretchers above the floor · Middle rails
Note 9

Leg rake

Sources disagree, and both are Myers. His text gives 16 degrees twice and again in 2016; his drawing is labelled 15 and drawn at 16.3. No measurement of the original is published. 16 is taken here because with a 12 in overhang it reproduces the drawing's labelled shoulder distance; that is our judgement, made to square his two figures. Whichever you take, cut the leg heads, the feet and the stretcher shoulders to the same bevel.

From plumb, along the length only. Seen from the end the legs are plumb.

The sheet starts at
16°
It allows
15° to 16°
The source gives
Myers: 16 in the text, 15 on the drawing (15° to 16°) [1]
Note 11

Middle rails

Each end frame has a top rail and a lower rail. The original has a middle rail at the vise end only; Myers puts one in both frames. His drawing sets it 11-1/8 in (283 mm) down the leg from the head, with 4-1/2 in (114 mm) of leg between it and the stretcher mortise, on a bench 33-5/8 in high. No source says where it goes on a lower bench. When the leg is shorter than his, the rail here keeps the 4-1/2 in above the mortise and so sits nearer the head. That is our judgement.

Both end frames the sheet starts here
As Myers builds it.
Vise end only
As on the original.

Joinery

Tenon beyond the leg · Top dowels · Middle rail pegs
Note 12

Tenon beyond the leg

Derived: the drawing labels the stretcher 5 ft 10 in long and 4 ft 8-1/8 in between shoulders, which leaves 2-13/16 in (71 mm) beyond the leg at the lower edge. The same drawing is drawn at 3-3/8 in (87 mm). Myers says the wood beyond the key is what gives the joint its strength, and his 2016 test joints had about 4 in beyond the key. He does not say which the bench should have. The upper limit here is ours; nothing in the sources derives it.

How far the stretcher tenon stands past the outer face of the leg, at its lower edge. The key bears here.

The sheet starts at
71 mm
It allows
71 mm to 150 mm
The source gives
Myers' drawing: 2-13/16 in by its labels, 3-3/8 in as drawn (71 mm to 87 mm) [2]
Note 14

Middle rail pegs

Myers says "draw bored pegs" for the middle rail and gives no size, offset or count. The two sizes offered are Schwarz's general bench practice, 3/8 in in 2005 and 5/8 in by 2020; neither is recorded of this bench. One peg a joint, as the plan rendering shows. The bridle pegs are 3/4 in (19 mm); that size is Myers'.

10 mm the sheet starts here
Schwarz, 2005, for benches, doors and windows.
16 mm
Schwarz, 2020, for his own bench.

Holding the work

Leg vise · Wagon vise and dog holes · Holes in the right front leg · Dog and holdfast holes
Note 15

Leg vise

The vise does not screw through the raked leg. A plumb backer board is tenoned dry between the underside of the top and the front stretcher, its edge scribed to the leg, and the chop works against that. The original closes over the leg; Myers follows it because that moves the vise a few inches further left. The Crisscross is his later fitting and needs a thicker backer and chop.

Wooden screw, pinned guide the sheet starts here
Myers, 2012, following the original.
Crisscross
Benchcrafted Crisscross 14 and Classic screw. Myers, 2019. Modern hardware.
Note 16

Wagon vise and dog holes

Myers added this. The old bench has "no tail vise, just single-point planing stops". The slot is 1-1/16 in (27 mm) wide and 8-3/8 in (213 mm) long, 1-3/4 in (44 mm) from the end and 1-1/2 in (38 mm) from the front edge, with dog holes every 4 in (102 mm) in line with it. It needs 12 in of overhang. His drawing starts the row 5 in (127 mm) from the vise end (scaled), which runs it over the leg heads and the vise backer, where a dog cannot drop through. The row is drawn as he draws it, and the notes name the holes that are blocked.

A slot at the tail end with a row of dog holes in line.

The sheet starts with this on.

Note 17

Holes in the right front leg

Myers bores the right front leg "for a hold fast or a peg to support long work" and never needed a sliding deadman. His drawing shows three holes on the centre line of the leg, the top one about 4 in (100 mm) below the underside of the top and the others about 6-1/4 in (158 mm) apart. Those positions are scaled from the drawing, which carries no dimension for them, and they suit his height of bench. On another height each hole keeps his place where that clears the joints in the leg; one that would land in or within 3/4 in (19 mm) of the middle rail tenon or the stretcher mortise is moved along the leg to clear it, and is left out if that takes it more than half his spacing. That rule is derived, and our judgement. The original has no holdfast hole on record.

Holes for a holdfast or a peg to carry long work: three on a bench as tall as Myers', fewer where the joints leave no room.

The sheet starts with this on.

Note 18

Dog and holdfast holes

Myers bores 3/4 in. He says that if you use larger holdfasts the dogs should match, without naming a size; 1 in is the larger holdfast size Schwarz uses, offered here on that reading. His tail vise takes 3/4 in dogs only.

Buy or make the holdfasts and dogs before you bore; the choice cannot be undone.

19 mm the sheet starts here
Myers' size.
25 mm
For larger holdfasts. Our reading of "larger"; Myers names no size.

The joints

As the sheet first draws them. The proportions follow your measures once you change one.

Long stretcher to leg: angled tusk tenon × 4

This is the joint that lets the bench knock down. The stretcher tenon passes through an angled mortise in the raked leg and a tapered key outside the leg locks it, with no glue. Saw the cheeks on the diagonal from both sides, then the angled shoulders; bore the leg half-way from each face and pare square. It should slide together by hand. Lay out the key mortise from the key itself and set its inner wall 5 mm inside the leg face, or the key bottoms on the mortise and never draws the shoulder tight. Run the key through the 89 mm height of the tenon, top to bottom. Myers' 2016 tests were on straight joints, where the bench's are angled. No tenon failed; the leg face crushed and then the key broke. The sources disagree on whether it stays tight. Myers reports the joint "performed flawlessly" over scores of assemblies; Schwarz says "If it can get loose, it will get loose" and expects to re-drive keys in winter.

Tenon
29 mm x 89 mm, full height, no top or bottom shoulder
Tenon length, lower / upper edge
177 mm / 203 mm
In the leg
16 mm from the outer face, 34 mm from the inner
Mortise, measured up the leg
93 mm (derived: the stretcher height on the skew)
Between shoulders, lower / upper edge
1392 mm / 1341 mm
Key
10 mm x 216 mm, 54 mm tapering to 38 mm
Key mortise
10 mm wide, its inner wall 5 mm inside the leg face; 10 mm of tenon each side
Wood beyond the key, lower edge
27 mm (derived)

Top rail to leg: open bridle × 4

Gauge the slot, cut the leg head to the rake so it sits level, saw the walls, bore out the waste and chisel to the line. Glue it, then bore and drive one 19 mm peg after the glue has set. Myers: the peg "adds some reinforcement" but the joint "relies mostly on the glue". Leave the rail square on top and plane it flush with the leg heads once the frame is glued. The slot is drawn centred in the leg, which is scaled from the drawing; the text gives only its width. The sources disagree on the depth of the rail. Myers' text gives 95 mm stock planed flush, which leaves about 74 mm to 88 mm, and his drawing labels the lower edge 67 mm down the leg. Neither states the depth of the slot. Rail and slot are drawn to the drawing; cut your slot to the rail you end with.

Slot and tenon
38 mm wide in a 102 mm leg
Rail stock, by the text
95 mm x 51 mm, about 74 mm to 88 mm deep once planed flush
Shoulders
7 mm each cheek (derived)
Lower edge of the rail, down the leg, as drawn
67 mm (drawing label)
Slot depth, as drawn
67 mm, to the rail (not stated by any source)
Peg
19 mm, one a joint; position not recorded

Middle rail to leg: drawbored through mortise and tenon × 4

A through tenon, glued and drawbored. Myers gives the tenon and says "draw bored pegs"; he gives no peg size, offset or count. What is drawn is general bench practice: one peg a joint, a third of the tenon's length from the shoulder, and about 3 mm of offset in bench-scale work. None of that is recorded of this bench. The original has this rail at the vise end only. Myers sets the rail 283 mm down the leg for his own height of bench. On this shorter leg it is drawn higher, keeping the 114 mm his drawing labels between the rail and the stretcher mortise; no source says how to move it, so that is our judgement.

Rail
76 mm x 51 mm
Tenon
64 mm x 25 mm, through the 79 mm leg
Shoulders
6 mm top and bottom, 13 mm each cheek (derived)
Down the leg from the head
233 mm to 309 mm (our judgement)
Leg between the rail and the stretcher mortise
114 mm (drawing label)
Peg
10 mm (general practice; Myers gives none)

Lower rail to leg: lap dovetail × 4

Cut the tails first, trace them onto the outer face of the legs, then saw and chisel the sockets: "basically a big half blind dovetail". The text does not say which face; Myers' photograph and the plan rendering both show the face toward the end of the bench. The tail stops short of the front of the leg. The drawing carries no dimension for the length, slope or socket depth; those are scaled from it, so take yours from the work.

Rail
64 mm x 25 mm
Tail
46 mm into the 79 mm leg, 64 mm narrowing to 44 mm (scaled)
Slope
about 1 in 4.6 (scaled)
Socket depth
25 mm, the rail flush with the leg (not stated by any source)
Below the rail to the floor, down the leg
85 mm (derived)

Top to base: dry dowels × 4

The slab is not fixed down. Four dowels glued in the top rails stand about 25 mm proud and the slab drops over them: "Gravity seems to be plenty". Turn the slab over, centre the base on it, mark and bore. Enlarge the rear holes so the slab can shrink and swell. Where the dowels stand along the rail is not given; they are drawn at the quarter points. Schwarz finds a loose top awkward when the bench is lifted. Myers notes bolts or screws as an alternative and does not use them.

Dowel
13 mm diameter, 25 mm proud
In the rail
25 mm (not given; drawn to match the tray dowels)

Vise backer: dry stub tenons × 2

The backer stands plumb between the top of the front stretcher and the underside of the slab on a stub tenon at each end, with no glue, so it comes out when the top is lifted. The tenons are set to the rear to keep wood at the front of the stretcher and the top. One edge is ripped and planed to the leg in place. The 241 mm width is taken as the widest point, at the stretcher, with the free edge plumb; the width at the top follows from the rake.

Backer
241 mm x 51 mm, 407 mm between shoulders
Stub tenons
22 mm thick, 19 mm long
Width at the top
124 mm (derived)

Tray: through dovetails, floor in a groove × 2

Three sides and a floor, open toward the slab. The ends are through-dovetailed to the back, with a small fillet left on the pin board to fill the groove where it runs out. The floor is rabbeted on three edges to enter a groove near the lower edge of the rim, glued along the back only, and held at the front of each end by one screw in an enlarged hole. The number and slope of the tails are not recorded; three at a slope of one in six are drawn, a modern convention.

Rim
89 mm x 25 mm (rim depth follows the slab, as drawn)
Groove
8 mm x 10 mm
Inside length
1880 mm
Inside depth
64 mm (derived: floor flush underneath)

Parallel guide to chop: wedged through tenon × 1

The guide is tenoned through the chop, glued and double-wedged, and slides in a slot through the backer. A loose pin in one of its holes sets the opening. In 2012 the slot is the size of the guide; from 2014 Myers cuts it about 6 mm taller. The wooden screw runs in a 67 mm hole with an internal garter let into the edge of the chop; the nut sits on a spacer behind the backer and in a shallow mortise in the back of the leg, which stops it turning.

Guide
457 mm x 51 mm x 22 mm
Tenon
38 mm x 22 mm, about 7 mm shoulders top and bottom
Holes
10 mm at 38 mm centres, two rows staggered 13 mm
Screw centre below the bench top
229 mm (scaled)
Guide above the stretcher
13 mm (scaled)

Variants

On the sheet, under “Start from”

Myers, 2012
Will Myers' reproduction as he published and drew it: 6 ft 4 in (1930 mm) long, a 13 in (330 mm) slab 3-1/2 in (89 mm) thick, an 11 in (279 mm) tray, 16 degree legs, wooden-screw leg vise and his wagon vise.
Old Salem, as recorded
The few facts on record about the original: a white oak slab 16 in (406 mm) wide and 2-1/2 in (64 mm) thick, one middle rail at the vise end, no tail vise and no holdfast hole. Its length, height and rake are not published, so those stay as Myers drew them. Nor are the width of its tray or the depth of its end frames. Myers says only that his own tray is "a little wider" than the original's because his slab is narrower, so the tray here is the narrowest on record, 10 in (254 mm), and even that makes the frames deeper than any documented bench. The depth shown is not the original's.
The bench Schwarz records
A Myers-built bench as measured in The Anarchist's Workbench: 72-3/4 in (1848 mm) long, a 13-3/4 in (349 mm) slab 3-1/4 in (83 mm) thick and a 10 in (254 mm) tray. Schwarz gives no other sizes; the rest is Myers' drawing.
Wood and Shop production bench
Farnsworth's description of the benches he sells: about 6 ft 4 in (1930 mm) long, 24 in (610 mm) deep with a 13 in top and 11 in tray, 33-1/2 in (851 mm) tall, the top glued up from 2 in (51 mm) oak.

On record

Documented forms of the bench. The sheet does not draw all of them. The wagon vise, the Crisscross, the ratcheting guide and the angled vise are Myers' own later additions. The split top, the full-width top, the shelf and the longer bench are known here from readers' reports.

The original's proportions
A top 16 in wide and 2-1/2 in thick, one middle rail, no tail vise and no holdfast hole. [1][4][10]
Myers' bench
A top 13 in wide and 3-1/2 in thick, a middle rail in both frames, and a wagon vise. [1][2]
No tray
A board flush with the slab in place of the tray, or a filler dropped into it. Myers suggests both this and a top in two slabs. [4][14]
Laminated top
Farnsworth glues his tops up from 2 in air-dried oak, because his slab tops "bowed, cupped, and twisted". Myers first planned a glued-up top of yellow pine. [1][14]
Vise hardware
A wooden screw with a pinned guide; a ratcheting guide; a Benchcrafted Crisscross. [1][7][8]
Angled leg vise
An angled vise on a vise leg 5 in wide. That leg carries four mortises and a large hole, so its grain has to be good. [8]
Vise beside the leg
As on the copy Old Salem's joiners made. [1]
Split top, full-width top, shelf
Readers' builds: a top in two slabs with a stop in the gap; a 22 in top with no tray, or 18 in with a narrower tray; a shelf of tongue-and-groove boards on ledger strips. [4][12]
A longer bench
Seven to eight feet, as a shop bench. No source gives a rule for scaling the parts, so the sheet has none. [7][16]
Half-lapped, laminated frame
One builder's frame, laminated and half-lapped. [16]

Sources cited

The bracketed numbers on this page. Each is set out in full, with what was taken from it, on the Sources page.

  1. [1]Will Myers, 2012, three parts, April to May 2012; photographs on pp. 13, 15 and 41. The Moravian Workbench
  2. [2]Will Myers, 2012, sheet 001, dated 4-10-2012. Moravian Workbench, measured drawing
  3. [3]Will Myers, 2018, post and comments. Moravian Workbench Plans (free)
  4. [4]Will Myers, 2018, post and comments. Moravian Workbench FAQ's
  5. [5]Will Myers, 2016. Tusk Tenons... How Strong Are They?
  6. [6]Will Myers, 2019. Moravian Workbench Tail Vise, with installation sheet
  7. [7]Will Myers, 2019, post, installation sheet and comments. Moravian Workbench Crisscross Install
  8. [8]Will Myers, 2014, reposted 2018. Ratcheting and Angled Leg Vises
  9. [9]Christopher Schwarz, 2011. Original Moravian Workbenches at Old Salem
  10. [10]Christopher Schwarz, 2011. More Moravian Workbenches
  11. [11]Will Myers, 2017. Original Moravian Workbench on Display
  12. [12]Christopher Schwarz, 2020, post and comments. Workbench Tour No. 8: Moravian Workbench
  13. [13]Christopher Schwarz, 2020. The Anarchist's Workbench
  14. [14]Joshua Farnsworth, 2019. Portable Moravian Workbenches Now For Sale!
  15. [15]Wood and Shop, renderings only; no dimensions seen. Moravian Workbench Plans, listing and sample pages
  16. [16]Will Myers, 2019. Different Strokes
  17. [17]S. V. Glass and S. L. Zelinka, 2021, Table 4-3. Moisture Relations and Physical Properties of Wood, ch. 4 of the Wood Handbook
  18. [18]Christopher Schwarz, 2005. Drawboring Resurrected